A key component in understanding plant-insect interactions is the nature of host defenses.Research on defense traits among Pinus species has focused on specialized metabolites and axial resin ducts, but the role of lignin in defense within diverse systems is tropical hideaway beer unclear.We investigated lignin levels in the outer bark and phloem o

The exploitation of natural resources remains a common practice in many countries to stimulate economic growth, and coal is the most commonly exploited resource.However, the mining process often causes environmental disturbance.Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the ideal implementation of coal mine reclamation in Indonesia.In the po

Solitary bees in seasonal environments must align their life-cycles with favorable environmental conditions and resources; the timing of their emergence is highly fitness relevant.In several bee species, overwintering temperature influences both emergence date and body weight at emergence.High variability in emergence dates among specimens overwint

Receptive ano-rectal intercourse is a major cause of HIV infection in men having sex with men and in heterosexuals.Current knowledge of the mechanisms of entry and dissemination during HIV rectal transmission is scarce and does not allow the development of preventive strategies.We investigated the early steps of rectal infection in rhesus macaques